IBP to LTER to IGBP - Birth of Global Programs in System Science Contents

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The M² and Representative Functional Groups

Problems With M² Concept

More Problems - Difficult Paradigm - Energy Flow in Ecosystems

"Natural" Ecosystems

Patch Ecosystem Water Cycle Early to Mid 1970's

Model Water Subsystem

Carbon Cycle Mid- to Late 1970-'s

Model Carbon Subsystem

Carbon Cycle and Energy Flow Large Herbivores - Late 1970's

A Special Note about Microbes

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles Late 1970's

Model Nitrogen Subsystem

State of Knowledge Mid-1970's - Advances

State of Knowledge Mid-1970's - Limitations

Interactions of Subsystems Late 1970's - Early 1980's

Systems Interactions

Emergence of LTER Mid- to Late 1970's

Simultaneously with the Emergence of LTER

Emergence of IGBP Early and Mid-1980's

Emergence of IGBP Late 1980's

Global Change Research 1990's

The Future My View